During the 1960s, America experienced a dramatic shift in traditional values related to psychological views on sexuality. With profound societal change occurring with the Civil rights movement and the baby boom generation, the first modern era of open sexuality in America challenged established sexual norms. The height of the sexual revolution was accompanied by massive physiological and psychological breakthroughs: The advent of the birth control pill shook the traditional expectations and understanding of female sexuality. Coinciding with the sexual revolution was renewed focus in psychology dedicated towards sexuality in America, typified by the works of Alfred Kinsey, William Masters, Virginia Johnson among many others. Yet, the story of sexuality and psychosexual dysfunctions in America is not without its challenges, particularly when socioeconomic circumstances are focused on.
Psychosexual dysfunctions in the USA
A study in 2008 by the Alan Guttmacher Institute, a reproductive health and rights think-tank, reported that 1.2 million abortions occur in America every year. This public health and moral dilemma is only recently being understood from the context of poverty, ethnicity, the inadequacy of current health services, and, most importantly, the psychological impact of all these factors. The patterns in the socioeconomic characteristics of
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Vladimir Illyich Lenin, the father of the Communist Revolution in Russia, argued that in order for humanity to rise from its lethargy and vile class-based exploitation, our aesthetic and sexual pleasures that made us lack the ruthlessness needed to destroy the bourgeois order would need to be sacrificed. Revolutionary vigilance required that we reshape our nature to become something better. The mantra of Leninists of Russia confirmed their belief that insatiable sexual drive was in the nature of humans. To Lenin, sexuality was a detriment that was hindering the progress of society. Only through straightjacketing our sexual urges could a more selfless person be conceived that was no longer a slave to both capitalism and sexual passions. The idea of disciplining sexual urges as a means to become a ìbetterî person was not new in civilization. The Samurai warriors lived by the code of self-restraint from sexuality with the intent that control of necessary urges symbolized extra human will and dignity. However, repressive Leninist approach to taming sexuality was different than the voluntary admission into sexual abstinence to cultivate your honor. As hindsight has demonstrated, communist theory was never rooted in pragmatism. Communist society institutionalized a repressive silence on sex. It was in government policy that sexual urges could be marginalized through manual labor and elevating a spirit of the community over the self. Suffice to say, many psychosexual dysfunctions and disorders suffered by contemporary Russians are traced back to such repressive and ignorant policies.
Psychosexual dysfunctions in Russia
In his 1995 book The Sexual Revolution in Russia, Igor Kon categorized the communist policy in Russia into four parts: First, from the wake of the Russian Revolution in 1917 to the early Stalinist years, the main characteristic of communist policy towards sexuality concerned the disintegration of the family and the establishment of full legal and social gender equality for women. However, this policy became more difficult for the state to control than
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Concerning his secular legacy, the founder of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk once wrote: “I am not leaving a spiritual legacy of dogmas, unchangeable petrified directives. If those people who wish to follow me after I am gone take the reason and science as their guides they will be my true spiritual heirs.” A secular republic as stipulated by its Constitution in a predominantly Muslim country, social change in Turkey in the form of technological innovation or cultural diffusion have always been viewed in terms of reconciling the devout secular nature of the state with the Muslim beliefs of its people. The story of Turkish political society reveals much about the sexual behaviors of Turkish: caught somewhere between the Western attitudes towards sexuality and an Islamic interpretation of it. The Turkish cultural mosaic is rooted in multiple value systems which are reflected in their diverse attitudes and views on psychosexual dysfunctions.
The Psychosexual sweet dysfunctions in Turkey
Psychosexual dysfunctions are defined as disturbances of sexual functioning caused by mental and emotional difficulties. Psychosexual dysfunctions in Turkey are extensions of the cultural, economic, and political conflicts between value systems that are seen to be perpetually antagonistic towards one another. On a political front, this is most apparent. In 1998, the Turkish Welfare Party, which was sympathetic towards the implementation of Islamic Law, was shut down on the grounds of violating constitutional obligations to respect Turkey’s strict secular principles. Even the current Prime Minister,
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